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Article History

Received: 31 March 2025

Revised: 18 December 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 12 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The survey was conducted in accordance with national law and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 (in the current, revised version). Like the previous cycles, the current survey of the HBSC study 2022 was reviewed by the ethics committee of the Medical Association of Hamburg (processing no.: 2021–100700-WF). The survey is voluntary and anonymous at the school and individual levels at all times. The school principals and students were informed in advance about all the content and objectives of the study and about the data protection concept. Written consent (informed and active consent) was required from the parents/guardians and the students themselves (from grade 7) in order to participate in the survey.The study was conducted following the German Federal Data Protection Act (BDSG) and the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). A corresponding data protection concept was developed in advance with the data protection officer of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (print survey) and the data protection officer of Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (online survey). Additional information and conditions on data protection that the HBSC team received from various ministries as part of the approval process were also taken into account and added to the concept.

: Not applicable: The data were collected completely anonymously, no conclusions can be drawn about individuals, and accordingly, no individual data is published in this study.

: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: The HBSC Study Group Germany consists of the following institutions: Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (Prof. Dr. Ludwig Bilz), Fulda University of Applied Sciences (Prof. Dr. Katharina Rathmann), University of Potsdam (Prof. Dr. Kevin Dadaczynski), Heidelberg University of Education (Prof. Dr. Jens Bucksch), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Dr. Irene Moor), Technical University of Munich (Prof. Dr. Matthias Richter), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (Prof. Dr. Ulrike Ravens-Sieberer), University of Tübingen (Prof. Dr. Gorden Sudeck).

: Not applicable: there is no material from other sources.

: Not applicable.