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Authors
Wang, Xiaoyang
Yang, Christopher C.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation
U.S. Department of Defense
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Article History
Received: 13 May 2026
Revised: 13 May 2026
Accepted: 14 May 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, human-derived data, or animal subjects. All experiments were conducted on publicly available, de-identified benchmark datasets.
: Not applicable.
: Christopher C. Yang serves as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research. He recused himself from all editorial decisions, reviewer assignment, and access to confidential review materials for this manuscript, which has been handled independently by another member of the Editorial Board. The authors declare no other competing financial or non-financial interests
