Shah, Hiral Anil http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0204-451X
Baker, Tim http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8727-7018
Schell, Carl Otto http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7904-1336
Kuwawenaruwa, August http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8459-443X
Awadh, Khamis
Khalid, Karima http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9917-9853
Kairu, Angela http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0965-4460
Were, Vincent http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3554-795X
Barasa, Edwine http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-7177
Baker, Peter http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-9976
Guinness, Lorna http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1013-4200
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (221571/Z/20/Z)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Article History
Accepted: 27 April 2023
First Online: 13 May 2023
Declarations
:
: This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust [221571/Z/20/Z], as part of the 'Innovation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries' Flagship, and by the International Decision Support Initiative, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: All authors have provided consent for publication.
: Tim Baker declares personal fees from UNICEF, the World Bank, USAID and the Wellcome Trust, all outside the submitted work. Lorna Guinness declares fees from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, both outside the scope of this work. Hiral Anil Shah contributed to this study while employed by the Center for Global Development, however he is now an employee for GSK and holds shares in the GSK group of companies. Carl Otto Schell, August Kuwawenaruwa, Khamis Awadh, Karima Khalid, Angela Kairu, Vincent Were, Edwine Barasa, and Peter Baker declare no competing interests.
: Concept and design: HAS, TB, COS, EB, LG, PB. Acquisition of data: HAS, TB, COS, AKa, AKu, KA, KK, LG. Analysis and interpretation of data: HAS, TB, COS, PB, LG. Drafting of the manuscript: HAS, LG. Critical revision of the paper for important intellectual content: HAS, TB, COS, AKa, Aku, VW, EB, KK, PB, LG. Statistical analysis: HAS, LG. Obtaining funding: TB, COS, PB, LG. Supervision: LG
: All data are available from the authors upon request.
: The R code that supports the findings of this study is available on github (ExternalRef removed).