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Article History

Accepted: 8 January 2025

First Online: 31 January 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was funded by Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Haidian Original Innovation Joint Fund (L212012).

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: Enxue Chang, Weidong Huang, Kejun Liu, and Yin Yan contributed to the conceptualization and design of the study. Enxue Chang, Weidong Huang, and Lunan Wang conducted expert consultations. Data collection was carried out by Enxue Chang, Yanni Jia, and Weidong Huang, and data analysis was performed by Enxue Chang and Yanni Jia. All authors contributed to the finalization of statistical models and interpretation of findings. Enxue Chang and Xiaoying Zhu wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the manuscript review and editing, and approved the final draft submitted for publication.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Hospital. The approval letter number is 2021BJYYEC-298-02. All work was conducted following the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All relevant data of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

: Informed consent was obtained from individual participants before the survey.

: Consent for publication was obtained from all the participants. Participants were informed that their data would be anonymized and used in the publication of this study.

: All relevant code from this study is available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.