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Article History

Accepted: 8 April 2025

First Online: 23 April 2025

Declarations

:

: This work was supported by Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.

: Hardik Goswami, and Amy Puenpatom are employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, who may own stock and/or stock options in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Atsushi Tajima, and Taizo Matsuki are employees of MSD (Japan) Ltd., who may own stock and/or stock options in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.

: All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published. Concept and design: Hardik Goswami. Acquisition of data: Hardik Goswami, Amy Puenpatom, Atsushi Tajima, Taizo Matsuki. Analysis and interpretation of data: Hardik Goswami, Amy Puenpatom, Atsushi Tajima, Taizo Matsuki. Drafting of the manuscript: Hardik Goswami, Amy Puenpatom, Atsushi Tajima, Taizo Matsuki. Critical revision of the paper for important intellectual content: Hardik Goswami, Amy Puenpatom, Atsushi Tajima, Taizo Matsuki. Statistical analysis: Hardik Goswami.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: The codes used in this study are not publicly available. However, a detailed explanation of the modeling method is provided within the main text and supplementary information.