Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 20 July 2025

First Online: 27 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The research leading to these results was funded by UK aid from the British people through the Community-led Responsive and Effective Urban Health Systems (CHORUS) research project.

: The authors have no competing interests to declare.

: The data that support the findings of this study are available from Health Policy Research Group (HPRG), University of Nigeria, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data and so are not publicly available. The data and codes that were used to run the analysis are, however, available from the corresponding author, Chinyere Ojiugo Mbachu, upon reasonable request and with the permission of HPRG.

: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from University of Leeds School of Medicine Research Ethics Committee (MREC 21-009) and the Health Research Ethics Committee of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu (NHREC/05/01/2008B-FWA00002458-1RB00002323).

: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before data was collected.

: Not applicable.

: Obinna Onwujekwe contributed to the study conception and design, material preparation, data collection and analysis, and drafting and review of the manuscript. Uche Godwin Ezema participated in material preparation, data collection and analysis, and review of the manuscript. Chukwudi Nwokolo participated in material preparation, data collection and analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. Chinyere Ojiugo Mbachu contributed to the study conception and design, material preparation, data collection, and drafting of the manuscript.