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Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 17 August 2025

First Online: 20 October 2025

Declarations

:

: H.C.T. acknowledges funding from the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (reference MR/X020258/1), funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC). This UK-funded award is carried out in the frame of the Global Health EDCTP3 Joint Undertaking. The Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program Foundation (HITAP) is a research unit in Thailand and supports evidence-informed priority-setting and decision-making for health. HITAP is funded by national and international public funding agencies. HITAP is supported by the Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) Fundamental Fund and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF) via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation [B41G670025], among others. M.J. was supported by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling and Health Economics (grant code HPRU-2019-NIHR200908). M.J. was also supported by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Immunisation (HPRU-2019-NIHR200929). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the UK Department of Health and Social Care, the National Health Service, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), or the UK Health Security Agency. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the manuscript. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.

: The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Shankar Prinja is an editorial board member of PharmacoEconomics - Open . He was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions

: H.C.T. and Y.T. conceived the paper. H.C.T. wrote the original draft. J.C.R.G., S.P., T.M.H., S.V.D., B.A.A., M.J., and Y.T. contributed to the writing, reviewing, and editing of the draft. All authors read and approved the final draft.