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Authors
Grand, Tobias Sydendal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7058-916X
Ren, Shijie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-7124
Thokala, Praveen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4122-2366
Zanigni, Stefano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4071-0886
Åström, Daniel Oudin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4742-417X
Bidani, Aroussi https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8319-9163
Höglinger, Günter https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-6187
Poewe, Werner https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4367-0971
Krismer, Florian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4493-5073
Regnier, Stephane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1994-4648
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Innovationsfonden (2040-00017B)
Fifth Framework Programme (QLK6-CT-2000-0061)
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Article History
Received: 20 August 2025
Accepted: 23 September 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors with non-Lundbeck affiliation have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. The following authors were affiliated with Lundbeck: Tobias Grand, Stefano Zanigni, Daniel Oudin Åström, Aroussi Bidani, and Stephane Regnier. Lundbeck A/S aspire to develop transformative treatments in neuroscience, such as for multiple system atrophy.
: Analysed data, except for patient-level data, from this study are included in this article or in supplementary information files.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The Shiny app is available from and the R code from: . The data analysis report is available from .
: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Tobias Sydendal Grand. Praveen Thokala reviewed code for the Shiny app and double-coded the deterministic analysis in Excel. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Tobias Sydendal Grand, and all authors commented on previous versions of the modelling analysis plan and manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
