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Article History

Received: 7 December 2024

Accepted: 21 October 2025

First Online: 8 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Concept and design: SX and JW. Acquisition of data: SX and XL. Analysis and interpretation of data: XL, CL, and SX. Drafting of the manuscript: XL, CL, and SX. Statistical analysis: XL, CL, and SX. Obtaining funding: SX and JW. Supervision: JW. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.

: SX reported receiving grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China during the conduct of the study. JW reported receiving grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China during the conduct of the study. Jing Wu is an Editorial Board member of PharmacoEconomics - Open. Jing Wu was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. No other conflicts of interest were reported by the authors.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were informed about their freedom of refusal. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained throughout the research process.

: The datasets used and analyzed can be obtained from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Informed consent was obtained prior to data collection. This study was approved by the Academic Ethics Committee at Tianjin University (No. TJUE-2023-206).

: The code can be obtained from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study.