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Article History

Received: 3 July 2025

Accepted: 2 November 2025

First Online: 16 November 2025

Declarations

:

: ALJ and AC participated in the project conceptualization and definition of model inputs. ADC and IO participated in the conceptualization, definition of model inputs, model adaptation, data analyses and first draft of the manuscript. IRL, FMN, AJL and EMB validated the model structure and the inputs and provided information about management of patients with ulcerative colitis in Spain. All the authors contributed to interpretation of the results, reviewed, edited and approved the final version of the manuscript and consented to its publication.

: IRL, FMN, AJL and EMB have received fees for their scientific advice and contribution to the publication. IRL is supported by a research grant from Gobierno Vasco-Eusko Jaurlaritza [Grant No 2020111061 and 2023222006]; has received financial support for traveling and educational activities from or has served as an advisory board member for Abbvie, Adacyte, Alfasigma, Biogen, Chiesi, Faes Farma, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Mirum Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Pfizer, Roche, Takeda, and Tillotts Pharma; and receives research funding from Abbvie. FMN has received financial support for traveling and educational activities from or has served as an advisory board member for Abbvie, Alfasigma, Faes Farma, Ferring, Galapagos, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Takeda, and Tillotts Pharma. AC and ALJ are employees of Pfizer SLU. ACG and IO are employees of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research Iberia (PORIB), a consultant company specializing in health economics and outcomes research, which has received fees from Pfizer SLU for conducting the present analysis. EMB has received grants/research supports or participated in educational activities, research projects, scientific meetings (either attendance, speaking and/or delivering presentations) and advisory boards sponsored by Abbott/Abbvie, Amgen, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Baxalta, Bayer, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chiesi, CSL Behring, Eisai, Fresenius, Galapagos, Gilead, GSK, Ipsen, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Lilly, MSD, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Shire, Takeda, Theramex, UCB and ViiV.

: All the data used to conduct the present study are publicly available and/or presented in the manuscript or its supplementary materials.

: The economic model used to develop this project is owned by Pfizer and is not publicly available.

: Not applicable to the present study.

: Not applicable to the present study.

: Not applicable to the present study.