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Authors
Ibraimova, Lola https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8724-7437
Newton, Amanda S.
Freedman, Stephen B.
Thull-Freedman, Jennifer
Wright, Bruce
Ohinmaa, Arto
Tran, Dat T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4969-7537
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mitacs
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Article History
Received: 13 August 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to this study.
: This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Board at the University of Alberta (IRB no. Pro00144817)
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: This study used anonymized patient-level data. The data are not publicly available owing to privacy and confidentiality requirements. However, the data could be requested for research from Alberta Primary and Preventative Health Services.
: The Stata codes are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
: DTT and AO conceptualized the study. DTT and LI carried out analyses and drafted the manuscript. All the authors contributed to the writing. All the authors critically reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content.
