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Article History

Received: 23 July 2025

Accepted: 16 December 2025

First Online: 14 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Sam Harper and Stuart Mealing are employed by a consultancy company (York Health Economics Consortium at the University of York, UK) that was commissioned by Implantica to develop the model. Khanh Ha Bui is an employee of Implantica. Daniel Sanchez, Pablo Priego Jiménez, and Carlos Moreno Sanz do not have personal conflicts to declare.

: Since no individual patient level data was collected, and the Markov model was built using aggregated data from published literature, there was no ethical approval required.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper.

: The model is not available as open source because it contains confidential scientific and business information and supports ongoing regulatory and commercialization efforts. The authors anticipate being able to share further details in the future once these activities conclude. The corresponding author is available to assist readers with any further inquiries pertaining to methodological, data, and analytical aspects of the manuscript.

: Sam Harper, Khanh Ha Bui, and Stuart Mealing designed and developed the model. Daniel Sanchez, Pablo Priego Jiménez, and Carlos Moreno Sanz contributed to the design of the economic model and provided clinical perspective to validate the results. All authors contributed to the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.

: Data from this manuscript have been presented at the ISPOR Europe 2024.