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Article History

Received: 5 June 2025

Accepted: 4 January 2026

First Online: 16 February 2026

Declarations

:

: K. Marsh and M. Trapali contributed to methodology, software validation, and formal analysis. M. Ingham contributed to conceptualization, methodology, writing, visualization, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition. S. Martin contributed to conceptualization, writing, supervision, and funding acquisition. All authors fully reviewed and commented on all previous versions of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.

: The data sharing policy of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson is available at . As noted on this site, requests for access to the study data can be submitted through Yale Open Data Access (YODA) Project site at .

: KM and MT are employees of Evidera. MI was an employee of Johnson & Johnson at the time the study was conducted. SM is an employee of Johnson & Johnson.

: This study was conducted in multiple stages following good research practices and received ethical approval from Ethical & Independent Review Services (#21142), in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Common Rule.

: All study participants provided consent via a web survey by opting into the project following determination of eligibility but prior to the commencement of any research-related survey administration or project involvement.

: All study participants provided written informed consent, which included notification that the study may lead to published results.

: The code used in this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.