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Article History

Received: 11 September 2025

Accepted: 26 January 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Change Date: 4 May 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The copyright holder has been corrected from © GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA 2026 to © GSK Plc 2026.

Declarations

Competing interests: Eleftherios Zarkadoulas and Fábio Silva are employed by and hold financial equities in GSK. Joana Alves and Francisco Madeira are employed by NOVA National School of Public Health, which received financial support from GSK to perform the work disclosed in this publication. Francisco Madeira received a research grant from ENSP NOVA, funded by GSK. MJ Postma holds stock or stock options in PAG BV (100%) and Health-Ecore (25%). All authors declare no other financial and non-financial relationships and activities.

Author contributions: EZ was involved in the design of the study. JA and FM collected and generated the data. EZ, FS, FM, and JA analyzed the data. EZ and MP interpreted the data. All authors participated in the development of this manuscript. FS led the publication development. All authors had full access to the data and gave their final approval and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Data availability statement: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Ethics approval: Not applicable.

Consent to participate: Not applicable.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Code availability: The Microsoft Excel-based model used in this study is proprietary to GSK and cannot be shared.

Trademark: Shingrix is a trademark owned by or licensed to the GSK group of companies. AS01 is a trademark owned by or licensed to the GSK group of companies.