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Article History

Received: 27 August 2025

Accepted: 22 February 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ahmead Baljoon, Sandra Suther, Matthew Dutton, Askal Ali, and Islam Eljilany declare no conflicts of interest. Vakaramoko Diaby, currently employed by Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, has contributed to this study in his capacity as an independent researcher. Vakaramoko Diaby is an Editorial Board member of Pharmacoeconomics—Open. Vakaramoko Diaby was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

: The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: The code used to develop and analyze the model in this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Conceptualization: Islam Eljilany, Ahmead Baljoon, and Vakaramoko Diaby; Methodology: Islam Eljilany, Ahmead Baljoon, and Vakaramoko Diaby; Formal analysis and investigation: Islam Eljilany, Ahmead Baljoon, and Vakaramoko Diaby; Writing—original draft preparation: Ahmead Baljoon; Writing—review and editing: All authors; Resources: All authors; Supervision: Islam Eljilany.