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Article History

Received: 16 September 2025

Accepted: 1 March 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Declarations

:

: MH, EE, and SM are employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, who may own stock and/or hold stock options in Merck & Co., Inc. DR is a consultant for Merck & Co., Inc. and is a member of the EuroQol group. HR, YS, and DL are employees of Analysis Group, Inc., a consulting company that has provided paid consulting services to Merck & Co., Inc. SS was an employee of Analysis Group, Inc. at the time of study conduct. JX is an employee of XL Source, Inc., a consulting company that has provided paid consulting services to this research project. MSK is a consultant for Merck & Co., Inc. and provided paid consulting services to this research project.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

: The code used in this study is not publicly available.

: MH, EE, and SM contributed to the conceptualization of the study. All authors contributed to the study design and methodology. HR, DL, and JX conducted the literature search and data extraction. MH and HR developed the initial summary of the results. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the findings, the development of the initial draft of the manuscript, and the revisions of the manuscript.