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Article History

Received: 26 February 2025

Accepted: 22 March 2026

First Online: 13 August 2026

Declarations

Availability of data and material: The model relies on published aggregate data sources as detailed in the manuscript and the Supplementary Materials. Individual patient-level data from the Optum Market Clarity database are not publicly available owing to data use agreements.

Ethics approval: Not applicable

Consent to participate: Not applicable

Consent for publication: Not applicable

Code availability: The model is made available under a creative commons noncommercial licence. That licence, the spreadsheet and R versions of the model can be downloaded from the following GitHub repository: OccamResearchLtd/Pelican-CKD-Care-Modelx4

Author contributions: All authors meet criteria for authorship as recommended by the ICMJE. None of the authors received payment related to the development of the manuscript.​ AHB, ARL, SC, BMKD, and CPK conceived and designed the CKD Care model, which was implemented by CNKL and ZL. AHB drafted the manuscript, which was reviewed and adapted by all authors. All authors can take responsibility for the manuscript and approved the final version for submission. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was given the opportunity to review the manuscript for medical and scientific accuracy as well as intellectual property considerations.​Part of the study findings were presented as a poster at the Kidney Week, San Diego, CA, USA, 23–27 October 2024.

Conflicts of interest: AHB reports consultancy from: Acaster-Lloyd, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, BioCryst Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boeringher Ingelheim, Chiesi, Daiichi Sankyo, Evidera, Gilead, Galderma, Genmab, GSK, Idorsia, Iveric Bio, Mereo Biopharma, Modex, NIH, Novartis, Parexel, Pfizer , Pharmacosmos, Precision Advisors, Rythmn, Sanofi, Sobi, Takeda, and Teofarma. SC and BMKD are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. SC has an Adjunct Faculty appointment at the University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy. ARL, CKL, and ZL have no conflicts to report outside of the submitted work. CPK reports consultancy with: Abbott, Ardelyx, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cara Therapeutics, CSL Behring, GSK, Pharmacosmos, ProKidney, Renibus, Takeda. Research funding from: Astra-Zeneca, Bayer, Novartis, CSL Behring, Boehringer Ingelheim. Honoraria from: Abbott, Ardelyx, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cara Therapeutics, CSL Behring, GSK, Pharmacosmos, ProKidney, Renibus, and Takeda. Royalties from: UpToDate and Springer. Advisory/leadership roles as: associate editor: Diabetes Care ; editorial board: Kidney Medicine , Kidney International Reports ; president elect: International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism.