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Authors
Sbihi, Ayyoub
Mastere, Mohamed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5797-1962
Sanders, Danielle Nel
Ahamad, Muhammad Irfan
Lu, Siqi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Johannesburg
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Article History
Received: 6 October 2025
Revised: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 28 December 2025
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The research is solely focused on GIS, AI approaches, and spatial analysis. Therefore, participant consent is not required for any aspect of the analysis.
: This research gained informed consent from all participants.
: On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author certifies that the manuscript has been written in full compliance with established ethical standards.
