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Authors
Belounis, Amina https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4872-1981
Benouadah, Ali https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9856-7044
Boudemagh, Djalila https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3876-0526
Bouhenna, Mustapha Mounir https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-5636
Hamitouche, Adhya-eddine https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0484-3462
Bouyaiche, Roumeissa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5521-698X
Belarouci, Lina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6280-4480
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Article History
Received: 25 July 2025
Revised: 3 November 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that the camel and bovine bones used in this study were obtained from local Algerian butcheries following routine slaughter for human consumption. No live animals were used or sacrificed for this research. In compliance with national and international regulations, the reuse of such abattoir by-products for scientific purposes does not require ethical approval.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
