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Article History

Received: 31 May 2025

Revised: 21 August 2025

Accepted: 4 October 2025

First Online: 6 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: For the submission of an article to “Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design”, I hereby certify that: (a) I have been granted authorization by my co-authors to enter into these arrangements. (b) I hereby declare, on behalf of myself and my co-authors, that: I am/we are the sole author(s) of the article and maintain the authority to enter into this agreement and the granting of rights to “Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design” does not infringe any clause of this agreement. (c) This study does not contain any human or animal subjects for data analysis.

: All authors have been personally and actively involved in substantial work leading to the paper, and will take public responsibility for its content.

: (a) The manuscript submitted has been prepared according to the journal’s “Aims and Scope” and “Instructions for Authors” and checked for all possible inconsistencies and typographical errors. (b) On submission of the manuscript, the authors agree not to withdraw the manuscript at any stage prior to publication.