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Authors
Thirunanasambantham, Kannigah
Ismail, Zuhaila
Lim, Yeou Jiann
Shamjuddin, Amnani
Mandal, Prashanta Kumar
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Q.J130000.3854.23H57)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Q.J130000.3854.23H02)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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Article History
Received: 18 January 2026
Revised: 1 April 2026
Accepted: 4 May 2026
First Online: 3 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper. This research was funded by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) under UTM Fundamental Research Vote No: Q.J130000.3854.23H57 and Q.J130000.3854.23H02. The funding agency had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, or manuscript preparation.
