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Article History

Received: 7 June 2025

Revised: 14 August 2025

Accepted: 21 August 2025

First Online: 3 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Based on Landsat satellite data, this land use and land cover change future simulation research in the Haldia municipality adheres to ethical standards and principles. No animal participants were involved, and all data used were publicly available or anonymized before analysis. The satellite data used in this study were obtained from publicly available and authorized sources, ensuring compliance with copyright and data usage policies. The analysis was performed without breaching privacy or confidentiality, as the study focused solely on geospatial data and did not involve individuals, sensitive information, or any human participation. Efforts were made to accurately interpret the satellite imagery, avoiding misrepresenting land use changes. The research methodology was designed to minimize environmental impact, aligning with sustainability principles. This research aims to contribute to sustainable urban planning and policy-making while lessening environmental effects during the data collection and processing phases.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All the research analytical materials, such as figures, tables, and text passages, originate from the authors. So, no permissions are needed from any third parties. All the authors have combined, read, and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.