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Authors
Toney, Jermaine
Kelly, James
Hoffman, Alex P.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Bureau of Economic Research (G-2021-16980)
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Article History
Received: 20 March 2025
Revised: 4 February 2026
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Declarations
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: The author, Jermaine Toney, declares that he has relevant non-financial or material financial interests that relate to the research described in this paper. Toney acknowledges the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (#G-2021-16980), for their support of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Post-Doctoral Fellowship on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Economic Outcomes. The author, James Kelly, declares that he has no relevant non-financial or material financial interests that relate to the research described in this paper. The author, Alex. P. Hoffman, declares that he has no relevant non-financial or material financial interests that relate to the research described in this paper.
: This declaration is not applicable.
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: All authors agreed with the content and all gave explicit consent to submit.
: This declaration is not applicable.
