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Authors
Roll, Stephen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4015-7742
Hamilton, Leah
Zheng, Haotian
Davis, Shadonna
Brugger, Laura
Quick, Aaron
Smith, Simone
Elliott, Desha
Dobill, Alexandra
Zhang, Guangli
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (80809)
Washington Center for Equitable Growth
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Article History
Received: 28 January 2026
Revised: 30 July 2026
Accepted: 1 September 2026
First Online: 17 September 2026
Declarations
Human Ethics and Consent to Participate: This research was approved by the Appalachian State University Institutional Review Board (ID #22-0037). All research participants consented to take part in the study.
Clinical Trial Number: There is no clinical trial number associated with this study.
Competing interest: This work was funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF #80809) and the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. The intervention was supported by Give Directly. The work represents the views of the authors alone.
