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Authors
Johnson, Lara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3261-4168
Guthrie, Bruce https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4191-4880
Anand, Atul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6428-4554
Marshall, Alan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0971-829X
Seth, Sohan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7464-4752
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
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Article History
Received: 24 January 2025
Accepted: 27 May 2025
First Online: 27 June 2025
Declarations
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: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
: (1) English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: our study used anonymised data from ELSA Wave 8, which is available to researchers via the UK Data Service via an institutional log in, and we adhered to the conditions of use. The ELSA study has ethical approval and participant consent as follows: “This study involves human participants and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) Wave 8 received ethical approval from the South Central—Berkshire Research Ethics Committee on 23 September 2015 (15/SC/0526) ( ). Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part. (2) The study was approved by the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Independent Scientific Advisory Committee, protocol 23_002557. We adhered to the conditions of use and did not attempt to link between datasets.
: This article was previously published as a preprint on medRxiv ( ).
