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Authors
Yoshiko, Akito https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8929-9202
Nakashima, Hirotaka
Nagae, Masaaki
Sakai, Tomomichi
Matsui, Yosuke
Umegaki, Hiroyuki
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Article History
Received: 7 September 2025
Revised: 3 December 2025
Accepted: 10 December 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
: All examination protocols were approved by the Ethics Committees of Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine (No. 2019-0260-8) and Chukyo University (No. 2024-003).
: Before the experiment, the purpose, procedures, and risks associated with this study were explained to the participants who provided oral and written informed consent. When the participants were unable to provide consent because of cognitive impairment, communication difficulty, or frailty, informed consent was obtained from their family members. A medical doctor decided whether or not informed content could be obtained from the patients.
