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Article History

Received: 14 March 2026

Revised: 1 June 2026

Accepted: 23 June 2026

First Online: 12 July 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: NRN has received honoraria and travel support by Janssen-Cilag, Medac, Novartis, Pfizer, Abbvie, and Jazz Pharmaceutical. RW has received honoraria and travel support from Novartis, Nutricia, Heel, and InfectoPharm. ATT has received research funding by Neovii Biotech;   consultancy for CSL Behring, Maat Pharma, Biomarin, Pfizer, and Onkowissen, and  travel reimbursements by Neovii and Novartis. MD has received honoraria from Pfizer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Amgen, and Astra-Zeneca which was not related to oncology. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest (RSM, MD, FMV, SH, AA, CG, FR, PH, CB, SF, NW, DS, G, JA, and DAB).

Institutional review board statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Ulm on October 30, 2024 (351/24–FSt/Sta), and by the IRB of Westphalia-Lippe on January 23, 2025 (2024-700-f-S). The study is registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (Deutsches Register für klinische Studien, DRKS), DRKS00035569.

Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.