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Article History

Received: 8 June 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

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: The BIA-ACC® and PPG Stress Flow® devices are registered with the Italian Ministry of Health - national classification of medical devices. The BIA-ACC® and PPG Stress Flow® devices have also been CE-certified as non-invasive medical devices used for diagnostic and monitoring purposes and have been used in the EU since 2004. Before the measurements, the subjects received all pertinent information and gave verbal informed consent. The retrospective use of patient data obtained with the above devices in routine medical evaluations for analysis and anonymous publications was previously approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. All procedures employed complied with the ethical standards of the Committee Responsible for Human Experimentation and the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 1983.

: The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest. Dr. Boschiero served as founder and CEO of Biotekna-Medical Technologies until December 31, 2016. Since then, he has worked in research and teaching.