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AI-powered detection and classification of harmful algal blooms (HABs) using a Volterra Convolutional Neural Network (VCNN) and advanced image processing techniques

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42044-025-00381-2

Published Online: 2026-01-05

Published Print: 2026-12

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Mahalakshmi Priya, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0591-3744
Christy Eunaicy, J. I. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3371-7422
Urmila, T. S.

Jayapratha, C.

Naveen Ananda Kumar, J. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2942-3424
Govindaprabhu, G. B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2297-3597
Sumathi, M.
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-01-05

Version of Record valid from 2026-01-05
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Article History

Received: 29 April 2025

Accepted: 19 October 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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