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Authors
Shimomura, Kanji https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4370-3710
Morita, Kenji
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23KJ0448, 23H03295)
Naito Foundation
The University of Tokyo
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Article History
Accepted: 17 July 2025
First Online: 11 August 2025
Declarations
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: The research ethics committee at the University of Tokyo approved the procedures before starting the study (23–270).
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants; prior to the start of the experiments, potential participants were briefed on the content of the experiments, and we sent the URL for the experiment to only those who expressed their consent to participation by e-mail. Participants had the option to discontinue the experiment at any point. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Participants were briefed on the possibility that their data will be open upon publication of this paper in a way that no one can identify individuals by merely observing the data. We sent the URL for the experiment to only those who expressed their consent to publish the data.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures and hypotheses of this study are preregistered. The preregistered document is available at , and all the data and codes that support the findings of this study are available at . The stimuli and codes for the online questionnaires and behavioral tasks can be found at .
