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Article History

Received: 5 September 2024

Revised: 29 July 2025

Accepted: 10 August 2025

First Online: 23 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare the following Conflict of interest: Patent Application: Hyunbum Cho, Sungmoon Hur, Keewon Kim, and Jaeheung Park have a patent application pending (Application No. 1020230051873) with the Korean Intellectual Property Office. This patent application is related to a ’Shoulder Range of Motion Rehabilitation Robot Incorporating Scapulohumeral Rhythm for Frozen Shoulder’, which is directly related to the subject matter of this manuscript. Company Affiliation: Hyunbum Cho, Sungmoon Hur, and Jaeheung Park are affiliated with Blue Robin Inc., which may be involved in future development and commercialization of the technology described in this study. Potential Commercialization: The results of this research may be used in future product development and commercialization by Blue Robin Inc. These Conflict of interest have been fully disclosed to ensure transparency. The authors affirm that these interests have not influenced the objectivity or validity of the research, its conclusions, or its reporting.

: Not applicable.

: A single healthy adult voluntarily participated in this non-invasive, low-risk study. Written informed consent was obtained prior to participation, and all procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the affiliated institution.