Li, Renjie https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7246-2394
Dong, Wei
Sun, Jiarui
Li, Wenhao
Dong, Hui
Gao, Yongzhuo
Wu, Qijun
Long, Yi
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation of China (2023-XXXX-JJ-0362)
Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Revised: 24 November 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 10 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: This study did not require ethical approval as the experimental work was conducted using robots and not involving any regulated animal or human subjects.