Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (51974078)
Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Joint Program (2022JH25/10200003)
Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Joint Program (2023JH2/101800058)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (N25YJS003)
Article History
Received: 12 September 2024
Revised: 7 May 2025
Accepted: 10 May 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Declarations
:
: Miao-yong Zhu is an editorial board member and Cheng Ji is a youth editorial board member for Journal of Iron and Steel Research International and were not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.