Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Technologies Research and Development Program (No.2023YFB3709900)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U22A20171)
China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation (BWLCF202315)
Article History
Received: 2 March 2025
Revised: 29 May 2025
Accepted: 9 June 2025
First Online: 16 September 2025
Declarations
:
: Li-feng Zhang and Ying Ren are editorial board members for Journal of Iron and Steel Research International and were not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.