Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key R&D Program (2023YFB3709900)
National Nature Science Foundation of China (U22A20171)
Article History
Received: 14 May 2025
Revised: 15 June 2025
Accepted: 4 July 2025
First Online: 30 August 2025
Declarations
:
: Ying Ren is a youth editorial board member and Li-feng Zhang is an editorial member for Journal of Iron and Steel Research International and were not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare no conflict of interest.