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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB3709903)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20171)
Low-carbon Metallurgy Innovation Fund of China Baowu (BWLCF202315)
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Article History
Received: 6 August 2025
Revised: 3 November 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 25 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ying Ren and Li-Feng Zhang are editorial board members of Journal of Iron and Steel Research International and were not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
