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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20106)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52201112)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20173)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities ((N25LJ002)
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Article History
Received: 21 February 2025
Revised: 15 October 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Declarations
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: Wei Xu is an editorial board member for Journal of Iron and Steel Research International and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
