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Authors
Gu, Qiang https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7619-6817
Chen, Kai-Wang
Wang, Qu
Li, Hong-Xia
Liu, Guo-Qi
Yuan, Lei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (52302031)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (51932008)
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Article History
Received: 23 June 2025
Revised: 27 September 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 26 December 2025
Declarations
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: Hong-xia Li is an editorial board member and Lei Yuan is a youth editorial board member for Journal of Iron and Steel Research International and they were not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
