Funding for this research was provided by:
National Nature Science Foundation of China (U22A20171)
Key Technologies Research and Development Program (2023YFB3709900)
China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgical Innovation Fund (BWLCF202315)
Article History
Received: 16 January 2025
Revised: 22 September 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 25 December 2025
Declarations
:
: Ying REN and Li-Feng ZHANG are editorial board members for Journal of Iron and Steel Research International and were not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.