Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20171)
National Key R&D Program (2023YFB3709901)
Article History
Received: 10 June 2025
Revised: 21 September 2025
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
:
: Li-feng Zhang is an editorial board member for Journal of Iron and Steel Research International and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.