Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFB3709900)
National Natural Science Foundation China (U22A20171)
National Natural Science Foundation China (52474341)
Article History
Received: 31 March 2025
Revised: 30 November 2025
Accepted: 10 December 2025
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Hao-Jian Duan is a youth editorial board member and Li-Feng Zhang is an editorial board member of Journal of Iron and Steel Research International and they were not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare no conflict of interest.