Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52474366)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20171)
Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Revised: 5 February 2026
Accepted: 7 February 2026
First Online: 2 April 2026
Declarations
:
: Li-Feng Zhang is an editorial board member for Journal of Iron and Steel Research International and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare no conflict of interest.