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Article History

Received: 16 August 2024

Revised: 30 May 2025

Accepted: 7 July 2025

First Online: 25 July 2025

Declarations

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: Both research projects adhered to ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines. Participants’ confidentiality and anonymity were fully protected throughout the research process, and the authors obtained informed consent for the publication of anonymised data including from all participants and their parents and caregivers involved in the study.

: Both studies were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines. The Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research (SIKT: ref. 471204)) was notified of the study in Norway. Parents gave informed consent prior to participation. The parents of the children on the picture have approved the use in this this research project. In New Zealand, the study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee at Otago University under protocol number 19/148. All participants gave informed consent prior to participation.

: We, the authors, hereby confirm that: All authors have made substantial contributions to the conception, design, data collection, analysis, and manuscript writing and revising. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to its submission to the Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education. There is no conflict of interest to declare related to this work. The order of authorship has been agreed upon by all authors.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.