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Authors
Pongsophon, Pongprapan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0213-2835
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Article History
Accepted: 31 January 2025
First Online: 3 April 2025
Declarations
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: This study involved secondary data analysis, with data retrieved from the PISA Data repository, which is open to the public for further research. Given the nature of this study as a secondary analysis of publicly available data, specific ethics approval and participant consent were not required. The present study utilized secondary data analysis in the public domain and did not directly involve human participants; hence, ethical approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is not applicable.
: I declare that I have no competing interests, financial or otherwise, that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this manuscript.
