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Authors
Ngendabanga, Celestin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1813-554X
Nkurunziza, Jean Baptiste https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9386-7161
Mugabo, Leon Rugema https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4962-5653
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Article History
Received: 5 February 2025
Accepted: 29 August 2025
First Online: 3 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study obtained ethical approval from the University of Rwanda–College of Education Research Screening and Ethics Clearance Committee (RSEC-C) through the Research and Innovation Unit, under reference number DRI-CE/005(a)/EN/gi/2024.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors declare that no AI-assisted technologies were used during any stage in the preparation of this article.
