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Authors
Jia, Xin
Fang, Yuhang
Yu, Chunyan
Zuo, Xiayun
Lian, Qiguo
Lou, Chaohua
Tu, Xiaowen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Municipal Population and Family Planning Commission
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Article History
Received: 18 April 2025
Revised: 29 September 2025
Accepted: 1 October 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests that are relevant to the content of this article.
: This study has been approved by the Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research Ethical Committee (Approval Number: PJ2021-32).
