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Article History

Accepted: 28 August 2025

First Online: 16 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (WMA, 2013) and the Deontological Code of Psychologists of the General Council of Psychology of Spain (2010). Additionally, the study complies with the provisions of the Code of Good Research Practices of the University of Barcelona (2010). Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of Barcelona, with approval number IRB00003099, dated 28 February 2022. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation, and their confidentiality was maintained throughout the study.

: Legal guardians of the participants were informed about the study through a notification issued by the educational institution. Adolescents provided explicit consent prior to completing the survey, in accordance with European Law 3/2018, of December 5, on the Protection of Personal Data and the Guarantee of Digital Rights. Article 7 of this law establishes that the processing of personal data for minors in Europe can be based on their consent if they are 14 years of age or older.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.