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Article History

Received: 3 June 2024

Revised: 7 July 2025

Accepted: 9 August 2025

First Online: 23 September 2025

Declaration

:

: Not applicable. This study comprised exclusively laboratory analyses and did not involve human participants or animal subjects; therefore, no ethical approval or consent to participate was required.

: Not applicable. This study involved only laboratory experiments and did not include human participants or identifiable personal data; therefore, no informed consent was required.

: While some natural language processing techniques were used sparingly to enhance the clarity of writing, the study did not effectively integrate artificial intelligence or machine learning methods. No computational or algorithmic tools from the field of artificial intelligence were employed substantially in designing, conducting, analyzing, or optimizing the various aspects of composting experimentation and evaluation. The research relied predominantly on conventional scientific and statistical approaches.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal ties that would have influenced the work presented in this study.