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Authors
Ismanto, Aris
Hadibarata, Tony
Maslukah, Lilik
Wijaya, Yusuf Jati
Safinatunnajah, Novia
Wahyuningsih, Candra
Widyani, Afidhah Puspita
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Curtin University
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Article History
Received: 14 January 2026
Revised: 11 August 2026
Accepted: 14 August 2026
First Online: 16 September 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval: Not applicable.
Informed consent: Not applicable.
AI-Assisted tools disclosure: The authors declare that AI-based tools (Grammarly and Quillbot) were used solely for language editing and grammatical refinement of the manuscript. No AI tools were used for data generation, analysis, interpretation, or scientific writing. All content, conclusions, and interpretations remain the sole responsibility of the authors.
Competing interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
