Document is current

Article History

Received: 17 August 2025

Revised: 29 September 2025

Accepted: 1 October 2025

First Online: 24 October 2025

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Author Stone Li (SL) declares no conflict of interest. Author Riley Stewart-Patterson (RSP) declares no conflict of interest. Author Julie Menten (JM) serves on the Board of Directors of the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (CCSA). Author Sebastian Straube (SS) reports grants from the Workers’ Compensation Board – Alberta, the Government of Alberta, the College of Physicians & Surgeons of Alberta, and the Alberta Medical Association. SS also reports honoraria from the Occupational Medicine Specialists of Canada, the M.S.I. Foundation, CoRE, and The Policy Works. SS is a member of the Editorial Board of SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine and he is an editor of the Collection “Mental and substance-related conditions in the workplace” of SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. He has not taken part in the review or selection process of this article. Author Charl Els (CE) is funded by CoRE, has received funding from Workers’ Compensation Board – Alberta, and was previously employed by the College of Physicians & Surgeons of Alberta. CE is an editor of the Collection “Mental and substance-related conditions in the workplace” of SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. He has not taken part in the review or selection process of this article.